Documents Arranged Alphabetically by Document Type
- CZHN 3/04070 Document : A Policy Statement of the Buddist Socialist Bloc in Vietnam.
This document outlines the policy for the ending of the war and for reunification of Vietnam in the perspective of the Buddist Socialist Bloc.
- CZHN 4/04873 Document : A description "ABOUT THE FOUNDATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT."
"The Foundation was established in 1970. It is a non-profit institution and functions as a public charity under the laws of the United States. The main purpose of the Foundation is the progressive development of international criminal law. As a Non-governmental Organization it sponsors seminars and working conferences and disseminates information concerning protection of human rights, international criminal law and an international criminal court through publications."
- CZHN 3/04074 Document : A document titled "Summary of Current Thinking about the May Actions. "
The document describes why waiting is impossible. The Nixon administration is planning to escalate the war effort. The next steps for action and at what times are also discussed.
- CZHN 3/04315 Document : A handwritten poem titled "Episode In Parade Time."
Poem about boys marching off to war.
- CZHN 3/04293 Document : A handwritten speech addressing U. S. involvement in WWII.
The author points out that the U. S. must not risk involvement. The power of the executive is questioned.
- CZHN 4/05755 Document : A list of editorial board members of Sociological Analysis--Gordon is listed.
- CZHN 3/04082 Document : A packing slip
from Sheed and Ward, Inc. It lists three copies of Gordon Zahn's Book German Catholics and Hitler's Wars for a total of $9.79.
- CZHN 3/04175 Document : A page with Pope John Paul II's picture and a poem.
The poem is titled "The armaments-factory worker." It asks whether it is moral for these workers to be producing parts of weapons meant for taking lives.
- CZHN 3/04537 Document : A peach colored flyer with light blue print and two pictures on the left side.
"May 17th Tuesday 7:30 pm at the Paulist Center Chapel, 5 Park St. Boston. May 18th Wednesday 7:30 pm at South Boston. You are invited to: An evening with Betty Williams a co-founder and a leader of the Northern Ireland Peoples Peace Movement and Nancy MacDonnell, organizer of a local peace group in Belfast."
- CZHN 4/05817 Document : A schedule of the New England Regional Conference of Pax Christi with a registration form attached.
- CZHN 3/04249b Document : A six-page story about four prisoners going to jail.
A story that talks about four prisoners sentenced to hanging for murders they committed.
- CZHN 2/02755 Document : A three-page summary of Gordon's GERMAN CATHOLICS AND HITLER'S WARS.
The summary contains information re: Zahn--that he is a sociologist with a sincere passion for the cause of conscientious objection. The paper also explains that Gordon based his research on public church statements and anonymous personal interviews.
- CZHN 6/08603 Document : Address list for PAX
- CZHN 6/07817 Document : Alpha Kappa Delta - A flyer
A flyer for Gordon Zahn's presentation, "The Selectivity of Sociohistorical Data: A Problem for Research" on March 29.
- CZHN 4/05606 Document : An advertisement for a book called "The German Church Struggle and the Holocaust" edited by Lettel and Locke with a handwritten note to inquire about a copy.
- CZHN 3/04276 Document : An essay about the importance of expressing one's opinion about war and peace.
The author talks about the role the U. S. government played in supplying the Allied forces with war materials for cash. The author is against the U. S. government's involvement.
- CZHN 3/04176 Document : An essay titled "A Case Against Draft Regisration."
Regisration for a military draft should be opposed simply because there is no compelling need for it at this time. The disruption of lives of thousands of young men is most important.
- CZHN 2/02485 Document : Biographical information on Gordon and advance comments on IN SOLITARY WITNESS.
The document explains that Gordon was a conscientious objector during WWII. He wrote GERMAN CATHOLICS AND HITLER'S WAR and it was during Gordon's year in Germany researching this book that he first learned of Franz Jaegerstaetter.
- CZHN 6/07734 Document : Biographical profiles
For Donald E. Grayston, Michael W. Higgins, Deba P. Patnaik, and William H. Shannon. ~ no date
- CZHN 5/07689 Document : CCCO - a pamphlet
Describes the tasks and prgrams of the CCCO. ~ no date
- CZHN 6/07864 Document : Center for Defense Information - Article titled "Film Use Kit"
Describes the Fairness Doctrine. ~ no date
- CZHN 5/07442 Document : Committee to Free the UN 2 - A flyer with a mail-back reply section.
The flyer requests support by pledges and others to support the "Free the UN 2" and gives descriptions of events relevant to the US-Soviet war moves. ~ No date
- CZHN 4/05400 Document : Considerations relative to faculty policy on student strikes, demonstrations, and invitations to join them"
Circular to faculty of U of Mass. ~ The article outlines the faculty member's responsibility to the university and says that a violation of contract with the university to join student demonstrations will result in legal consequeces. It also outlines the reasons for why a faculty member might align him/herself with student action.
- CZHN 4/05129 Document : Copy of the galley proof of Gordon's biography in Who's Who in America. Copy is for his records.
- CZHN 6/08308 Document : Curriculum Vitae - The Curriculum Vitae of Johannis J. Mol, Ph.D. (5 pages)
- CZHN 5/05890 Document : Details travel directions from Sea-Tac airport to University Tower Hotel.
- CZHN 6/07826 Document : Directions
How to get to UA Colombia Cablevision in New Jersey. Also lists the goals for the series and each session. ~ no date
- CZHN 5/07592 Document : Directions
How to get to the Wainwright House in Rye. ~ No date
- CZHN 4/05463 Document : Drafted by Gordon Zahn?
Proposed Departmental Constitution for College II. ~ The proposal covers areas of the governing body, the chairman, the executive committee, the personnel committee, and grievences.
- CZHN 5/07516 Document : Duncan? - A poem
A humorous poem about Gordon Zahn. ~ No date
- CZHN 3/04063 Document : Fellowship of Reconciliation
A document called "Dai Dong The Gioi. " ~ The title is from a pre-Confucian Chinese Proverb; "A world in which not only a man's family is his family, not only his children are his children, but all the world is his family and all children are his." ~ This is 20-page announcement and an Invitation describing peace as the world's one imperative. It describes the concept of all the world being on the same boat and if we sink, nobody, not one, will escape.
- CZHN 4/05265 Document : Flyer announcing the showing of The Refusal at the Haley House ~ with introduction by Gordon.
The flyer gives the details of time, date and place.
- CZHN 4/05353 Document : Flyer announcing the showing of the film The Refusal
The flyer give information on what the film is about, Franz Jaegerstaetter, the Supreme court decision about the draft and Gordon Zahn.
- CZHN 2/02789 Document : Foster, Hubert
The document is entitled: "$4.90 FOR DELETING A COMMA." ~ The document expresses the idea that one should ponder the use of a comma carefully before placing it in one's prose.
- CZHN 2/02487 Document : Franz Jagerstatter: An Introduction.
"When Hitler's troops moved into Austria in 1938, Jaegerstaetter was the only man in the village to vote against the Anschluss. Although he was not involved with any political organization, and did undergo one brief period of military training, he remained openly anti-Nazi, and publicly declared he would not fight in Hitler's war.
- CZHN 4/05780 Document : Galley Proof from Marquis Who's Who, Inc. to Gordon in order to verify his information for print in Who's Who in America.
- CZHN 4/05838 Document : German advertisement in a journal for Gordon's book IN SOLITARY WITNESS.
- CZHN 5/07532 Document : Gordon C. Zahn - Annual Faculty Report Form
Forms for the annual report form for the Univ. of Mass. / Boston with instructions for filling it out. ~ No date
- CZHN 5/07556 Document : Gordon C. Zahn - Autobiographical Summary (typed on Commonwealth of Massachusetts stationary)
Zahn lists some highlights and accomplishments including educational background, publications, and memberships. ~ No date
- CZHN 5/07524 Document : Gordon C. Zahn - Autobiographical Summary
Zahn lists his educational background, publications, and memberships. This is the draft copy that needs revision. ~ No date
- CZHN 6/08341 Document : Gordon C. Zahn - Curriculum vitae
The curriculum vitae of Gordon C. Zahn including personal data, education, grants and fellowships, memberships, occupational history, and publications.
- CZHN 5/07525 Document : Gordon C. Zahn - VITA
Zahn lits his educational background, grants and fellowships, publications, and memberships. ~ No date
- CZHN 3/04464 Document : Gordon Zahn (Leonard Punkt)
Proclamation ~ A witty proclamation that the war has ended, only everyone must continue as if it is still going on.
- CZHN 5/07374 Document : Gordon Zahn - A list of names and addresses
The list contains names and addresses of those who are to receive a complimentary copy of Zahn's "In Solitary Witness." ~ no date
- CZHN 5/07332 Document : Gordon Zahn - A thought jotted down on a small piece of paper.
"Delinquency- represents not a rejection of contemp. social values, but an overacceptance of values leading to distortion in the form of carrying them to their 'logical' extreme of application."
- CZHN 6/08112 Document : Gordon Zahn - Author information sheet
Has Zahn's biographical information. ~ no date
- CZHN 4/05273 Document : Gordon Zahn
"American Catholics and the Attack on North Vietman" ~ 3-page article in the CHRONICLE ~ Gordon says that, just as in the instance of WWII and Nazi Germany, the Catholic Church is failing in its lack of protest to the unjust war taking place in Vietnam. He talks of events taking place in Vietnam and says that the United Nations, not soley the United States, should become involved in working for legitimante authority in Vietnam. ~ Chronicle ~ 118-120
- CZHN 4/05016 Document : Gordon Zahn
"Hickel and Nixon" ~ Letter to the editor of The Boston Globe ~ Zahn expresses his opposition to involvement in Vietnam. He also comments on the fact that President Nixon had not yet seen a letter written to him from his Press Secretary Hickel even though it had been published in the newspaper. He says that Nixon has shut himself off from expressions of dissent. ~ newspaper--The Boston Globe
- CZHN 4/05274 Document : Gordon Zahn
"Nuclear Weapons: The Problem With Possession" ~ 3 page article written by Gordon for the Pax Christi USA Press Service. ~ Gordon writes in anticipation of a statement from the American hierarchy on the subject of war and peace. He says that although the bishops are on record as rejecting the use and the threat to use nuclear weapons, they have not taken a strong enough position on the production and possession of nuclear weapons which Gordon asserts is active, continuing preparation for nuclear war. He maintains that the November pastoral must address this issue. ~ Pax Christi USA Press Service
- CZHN 4/05576 Document : Gordon Zahn
"Response of Dr. Zahn" ~ Gordon speaks of the Church using the metaphor of religion as a commodity, saying that it is suffering a crisis of credibility because it has become too "establishment" and maintains too much of a relationship with secular powers. He says that religion's stock is bottoming out, which is more of an asset than a liability because it will force a return to its vital core of values.
- CZHN 4/05122 Document : Gordon Zahn
"The German Churches Under Hitler: Background, Struggle, and Epilogue" ~ Book review in Worldview ~ Gordon reviews The German Churches Under Hitler: Background, Struggle, and Epilogue by Ernst Christian Helmreich. Gordon gives a somewhat favorable review saying it is a precise and extensively documented piece of scholarship, however it is painstakingly so, and he has neglected to include to human element in his account. Gordon cites Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed and The Assisi Underground as more human accounts. ~ Worldview ~ 53-54
- CZHN 4/05272 Document : Gordon Zahn
"The Threat of Militarization" ~ 5-page article ~ Gordon spends awhile discussing the problems that face the individual researcher and the rapid changes that are taking place in large institutions of education and religion. He then justifies his study of the chaplaincy in the military and summarizes his findings. ~ 438-442
- CZHN 4/05310 Document : Gordon Zahn
19-page essay written by Gordon for presentation at Richmond Pax Christi with a copy of "A Catholic Call to Conscience" attached. ~ Gordon says that Pax Christi has a 3-fold task. The 1st is to awaken awareness to the moral evils of war and create a sense of urgency. The second is for Pax Christi to provide leadership in developing wasy to express one's decision once they become aware of their CO position. The 3rd is to make the church into an effective vehicle for achieving peace by putting its resources into thnigs such as disarmament, draft opposition and abolition of nuclear weapons. Gordon then goes into the background and objectives of Pax Christi as an international organization. He says the major concerns of Pax Christi have to do with conscription and disarmament, and that a main objective is to educate Christians on the morality of peace and war through peace studies.
- CZHN 3/04435 Document : Gordon Zahn
3 unfinished poems ~ the death of a young man. "The bells are rather faint tonight." one day at a time.
- CZHN 4/05322 Document : Gordon Zahn
4-page essay ~ Gordon says that the illusion of security through nuclear deterrence has locked nations into an escalating arms race which is wasteful of natural resources and human energies--it has detroyed the sercurity it is intended to guarantee. Gordon contends that the mutuality of interest on the part of nations must be reinterpreted so that a nations' welfare will no longer be measured by its ability to destroy, but rather upon its capacity for cooperation, trade, shared scientific advance, and with agencies of international order. In addition, each individual must make informed judgement of conscience.
- CZHN 3/04281 Document : Gordon Zahn
A nine-page paper titled The Case for Catholic Pacifism. ~ Gordon looks at the "reexamination of conscience." We must reexamine our stand--we must convince ourselves that by our acts we are aiding--not endangering--our Christian, democratic way of life.
- CZHN 3/04282 Document : Gordon Zahn
A page of various short poems. ~ A poem about a character named Elsie.
- CZHN 3/04451 Document : Gordon Zahn
A review of AUSTRIAN CATHOLICS AND THE FIRST REPUBLIC, DEMOCRACY, CAPITALISM, AND THE SOCIAL ORDER 1918-1934 ~ Gordon positively reviews Alfred Diamant's analysis of the brief history of the first Austrian Republic.
- CZHN 3/04438 Document : Gordon Zahn
Afternoon on the Lawn ~ Short Story ~ An inside look at paranoia, set in the same mental institution as the one depicted in "The White Coat." A hint towards the end of questioning--what can one who is opposed to violence do in the face of violence?
- CZHN 4/05595 Document : Gordon Zahn
Book review of Werner Stark's "The Sociology of Religion: A Study of Christendom," "Types of Religious Man," and "Types of Religious Culture" ~ Gordon says that the sheer work and amount of knowedge that went into the books in quite impressive, and he describes Stark as a kind of universal scholar who can claim some competence in a great variety of fields. He says however, that today's university student lacks the intellectual background to deal with the book in the terms Stark has set, and it is not too well suited for undergraduate study of the sociology of religion.
- CZHN 3/04452 Document : Gordon Zahn
Cologne: A Cross for the World ~ It should not only be remembered that the cathedral at Cologne remains standing, but also what it STANDS FOR -- a place of Christian worship and prayer. It's a call to remember our Christian values.
- CZHN 4/04975 Document : Gordon Zahn
Conscientious War Resisters Offer Case for Understanding ~ newspaper article with photo of students burning draft cards ~ Gordon addresses the crisis of understanding that is taking place with the claim of more and more young men to being conscientious objectors. Gordon states that the beliefs of these men should be respected and supported rather than treated as dissenters. He asks for Catholic authorities to speak up with their support and advocates Catholic educational programs so that others will be willing to give their support for conscientious objectors as well. ~ 9-10
- CZHN 3/04105 Document : Gordon Zahn
Egan, Eileen; Fahey, Joseph J. ; Meehan, Francis X.; Jegen, Mary Evelyn; Untener, Kenneth; Vanderhaar, Gerard A.; McGinnis, James. ~ Reflection Papers on the Second Draft of the Proposed Pastoral Letter. "The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and our response" ~ This is a twenty-one page document that includes responses from various authors. Gordon in his piece says the second draft is much improved and he gives credit to the committee that worked on it. He also gives a list of suggestions that could improve the draft.
- CZHN 4/05596 Document : Gordon Zahn
Foreword to Dr. Shannon's book ~ Gordon discusses the changes that have taken place over the years, saying that his role has shifted from that of spokesman for a lunatic fringe to that of a representative of a recognized and respectable theological position regarding his pacifist position and views on conscientious objection. He says the number of Catholic conscientious objectors has multiplied and that there is no longer any such thing as just warfare. He says that the principle of selective obedience to authority, including the Church, must be adopted by individuals who have the responsibility of deciding what actions are moral and to what extent they will comply with immoral duties.
- CZHN 4/04931 Document : Gordon Zahn
Gerard Sloyan, Leonard Swidler ~ The Brain Drain From Catholic Colleges And Universities - A JUBILEE Report. ~ All three authors were asked to discuss topic: The greatest problem facing Catholic higher education is: the loss of senior faculty members. ~ To a particular administrator at Loyola (Chicago) ". . . the coming and going of faculty (like, one assumes, ordinary office personnel) is meaningful only in terms of quantitative measures." Mr. Zahn knows of other Jesuit schools which do recognize broader areas of faculty and even student autonomy and responsibility. Mr. Zahn believes most Catholic schools are still too tightly bound to to outmoded systems of authority and discipline in order to provide the sort of educational environment necessary. ~ Ave Maria ~ pgs 55-60
- CZHN 3/04338 Document : Gordon Zahn
INCIDENT ~ A twelve-page typed story. ~ A story about the possibility of judging a person's character and life just by studying his face and his actions.
- CZHN 3/04454 Document : Gordon Zahn
Incident ~ A short story ~ A story set in Chicago, in a restaurant. It's about the anonymity of life in such a big city.
- CZHN 3/04453 Document : Gordon Zahn
Just Where are the Catholics? ~ Catholics in America need to actually take a stand and work for a Christian Peace, a resolution of the war that will be in line with Christian values.
- CZHN 3/04441a Document : Gordon Zahn
Newspaper clipping ~ Gordon Zahn defends W. H. Ferry's papmphlet "Alternatives to the Arms Race" against attacks mde by Walter Trohan in The Tribune on 08/12.
- CZHN 3/04294 Document : Gordon Zahn
One Man's Opinion ~ A ten page typed document on "the most inescapable obligation of democracy." ~ A discussion on the basic choice between isolation and intervention as the foreign policy to be followed by our government.
- CZHN 4/05427 Document : Gordon Zahn
Proposed revision regarding renewal of teaching positions. ~ Outline for guidelines concerning when it is appropriate to renew a teaching position and when it is not.
- CZHN 3/04295 Document : Gordon Zahn
The Mission of America ~ Ten-paged typed essay on the pupose of the Nation. ~ A long discussion on the mission of America - sponsoring freedom for its own people and encouraging the acceptance of freedom's principles by the entire world.
- CZHN 3/04150b Document : Gordon Zahn
The Threat of Militarization ~ He is concerned about the military chaplaincy and the excessive nationalism of the Church itself. He looks at the role of the Church in regards to militarization.
- CZHN 3/04437 Document : Gordon Zahn
The White Coat ~ Short Story ~ "The White Coat" is set in a mental institution, describing a day there through the eyes of an "attendant," focusing on paranoia and delusions.
- CZHN 3/04434 Document : Gordon Zahn
scene 2 woods ~ Description of a scene ~ describing a work group going to cut down an oak. more philosophical than descriptive. incomplete allegory.
- CZHN 5/07527 Document : Gordon Zahn: A Selected Bibliography
States a few accomplishments and events and lists his publications. ~ No date
- CZHN 3/04445 Document : Gordon Zahn?
Humorous recipe / editor's note ~ A humorous recipe from "Leonard Punkt." Attached to it is a witty fictional statement entitled "editor's note" -- an interesting journey through American History.
- CZHN 4/04929 Document : Gordon Zahn?
~ 24 page paper with no title or any indication of publication. ~ Writes about the Christian-Jewish conflict. The pogroms and how the real atrocity of Christians during such persecution was their silence. This sort of action or lack of action is again taking place in Vietnam. Main point being that "Christianity's principal contribution to the Final Solution was its failure to speak and act." Discusses pluralism and what it means and makes some suggestions for how the definition of it might be changed.
- CZHN 4/05420 Document : Gordon?
Rough notes, barely legible, on the structure of the department (?). ~ Itemized considerations are: membership, chair, associate chair, committees, committee authority, standing committee, curriculum, budget, library, events, student representatives, amendments, and meetings.
- CZHN 6/08088 Document : Green Newspaper titled "The Green Revolution"
A newspaper (issue number six) with articles like, "The Farm," "The Hebrew Tradition of Individual Rights, " and "W. Va. Notes" on the front page. no date
- CZHN 3/04122 Document : Grisez, Germain
Some Questions and Answers on Pages 48-57 of the Proposed NCCB. Collective Pastoral on War and Peace. ~ This outlines specific questions and answers to critical issues pertaining to the pastoral letter.
- CZHN 6/08399 Document : Hawthorn Books - Questionnaire
Hawthorne Books asks their authors to fill out a questionnaire.
- CZHN 6/07743 Document : Hutterian Society of Brothers - A flyer
Talks about life in peace and the issues the organization supports. Also invites to contact them for information at New York, Connecticut, or Pennsylvania. ~ no date
- CZHN 6/07747 Document : Information on flight times
Destination is not listed (attached to item 7746). ~ no date
- CZHN 5/07576 Document : Jim Best - Titled "Some Considerations in Projecting FOR Program Proposals"
Best discusses issues for the FOR to begin considering in more depth. ~ No date
- CZHN 5/07417 Document : Kathy Knight - Typed document titled "Chronology"
Knight lists events taking place as she sees significant to her abrupt termination of her staff position with the Justice and Peace Commission. (Corresponding with items 7414-7416.) ~ No date
- CZHN 3/04222 Document : Keegan, John
Caputo, Philip; Dr. Hanaoka; Hachiya, Dr. M; Ropp, Theodore; Sivard, Ruth Leger; Russell, Bertrand; Einstein, Albert ~ A packet of short articles sent to Gordon Zahn from Paul. ~ Each author describes an aspect of the negative consequences of war and its side effects. It ranges from the cruelty of modern warfare weapons to the appeal for alternatives to violent conflict.
- CZHN 6/08483 Document : List of Pax Christi Award Recipients
Dr. Gordon Zahn was a recipient in 1982
- CZHN 6/08398 Document : List of names
A list of names with the heading "War, Conscience, and Dissent." Also includes a list titled, "Media List."
- CZHN 6/07790 Document : Lou Mc - Informational document with room assignment
Lists Zahn's room number and schedules set for Eucharist and prayer at the St. Louis University High Jesuit Community.
- CZHN 5/07593 Document : Map
Drawn map to the Wainwright House in Rye. ~ No date
- CZHN 4/05812 Document : Men bound to search for peace, Zahn says
Article reporting Zahn's talk given at a midwest regional conference of Pax Christi. ~ The article reports Gordon's talk, quoting him extensively in his statements regarding war, peace and conscientious objection
- CZHN 4/04937 Document : Michael G. O'Leary, S. T. L. , Ph. D.
Reply to Gordon Zahn ~ Three page essay by Mr. O'Leary re: Nuclear War and Morality. Also has attached an article by Joseph L. Walsh re: Recent Catholic Writing on Morality and Nuclear War. ~ Feels that Dr. Zahn pays more attention to question of whether or not it is licit to participate in an unjust war or to use obviously unjust means, than the issue of Nuclear War and Morality. He says we are failing to be realistic by not admitting that war will ultimately come to the U. S. Lists 4 elements to Dr. Zahn's position. 1. Work in positive way to establish international peace and eliminate war. 2. Bombs and other nuclear war whose effects are uncontrollable are wrong. 3. Thinks we have been remiss in not letting the general public in on the immorality and indiscriminate bombing. 4. Everyone should see war as a no longer legitimate defense, nuclear as well as conventional. Mr. Zahn agreed with these four points. ~ 15-28
- CZHN 3/04552 Document : News Publishing committee
A flyer / pamphlet entitled "Community Leaders of America. " ~ "Community Leaders of America honor those individuals who have in some way, whether large or small, contributed to a better America by building better communities through service. . . Your biographical data is, upon receipt, released to your local news media; and your inclusion in Community Leaders of America is a permanent record of your invaluable service."
- CZHN 5/07482 Document : No author - List of names
A list of members of the Benedictines for Peace. ~ No date
- CZHN 10/13851 Document : Notice
The Center's Leary Fund has provided partial subsidies for lecture / workshop appearances by Mike Hovey and/or Gordon Zahn at colleges or universities that were too small or too distant from Boston to meet normal travel expenses. Gives a summary of the arrangment, and says that the Center's schedule and funds limit the number of invitations it can accept.
- CZHN 3/04079 Document : Outline of a book.
The page is filled with roman numeral outlines of sections of a book.
- CZHN 3/04080 Document : Outline of the book: Man and His Society.
This is a chapter-by-chapter outline of the book from introduction to conclusion in chapter 10.
- CZHN 6/08667 Document : PAX Constitution, 12 points
- CZHN 3/04085 Document : PUBLICATION RIGHTS
The document describes the rights of first publication belonging to the writer of any uncopyrighted document, whether a literary work or a private letter.